Systems and methods for creating durable lubricious surfaces via interfacial modification

ABSTRACT

Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods for creating durable lubricious surfaces (DLS) via interfacial modification. The DLS can be prepared via a combination of a solid, a liquid, and an additive that modifies the interface between the DLS and a contact liquid, resulting in an interfacial layer that acts as a lubricant and/or protective coating between the DLS and the contact liquid. The lubricating effect created between the additive and the contact liquid results in enhanced slipperiness, as well as the protective properties that can help with durability of the DLS.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application Serial No. 62/466,008, filed March 2, 2017 and titled“Systems and Methods for Creating Durable Lubricious Surfaces viaInterfacial Modification,” the disclosure of which is herebyincorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

The advent of engineered surfaces in the last decade has produced newtechniques for enhancing a wide variety of surfaces and interfaces ofmaterials. For example, the use of engineered surface textures in themicro- and nano-scale has provided non-wetting surfaces capable ofachieving less viscous drag, reduced adhesion to ice and othermaterials, self-cleaning, anti-fogging capability, and water repellency.These improvements result generally from reduced interface contact(i.e., less wetting or non-wetting) between the solid surfaces andcontacting liquids.

One of the drawbacks of existing non-wetting surfaces (e.g.,superhydrophobic, superoleophobic, and supermetallophobic surfaces) isthat they are susceptible to impalement, which destroys the non-wettingcapabilities of the surface. Impalement occurs when an impinging liquid(e.g., a liquid droplet or liquid stream) displaces the air entrainedwithin the surface textures. Previous efforts to prevent impalement havefocused on reducing surface texture dimensions from the micro- tonano-scale. In addition, existing non-wetting surfaces are susceptibleto ice formation and adhesion. For example, when frost forms on existingsuper hydrophobic surfaces, the surfaces become hydrophilic. Underfreezing conditions, water droplets can stick to the surface, and icemay accumulate. Removal of the ice can be difficult because the ice mayinterlock with the textures of the surface. Similarly, when thesesurfaces are exposed to solutions saturated with salts, for example asin desalination or oil and gas applications, scale builds on surfacesand results in loss of functionality. Similar limitations of existingnon-wetting surfaces include problems with hydrate formation, andformation of other organic or inorganic deposits on the surfaces. Thus,there is a need for improved non-wetting surfaces that have enhanceddurability and life expectancy.

SUMMARY

Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods forcreating durable lubricious surfaces (DLS) via interfacial modification.The DLS can be prepared via a combination of a solid, a liquid, and anadditive that modifies the interface between the DLS and a contactliquid, resulting in an interfacial layer that acts as a lubricantand/or protective coating between the DLS and the contact liquid. Thelubricating effect created between the additive and the contact liquidresults in enhanced slipperiness, as well as the protective propertiesthat can help with durability of the DLS.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of various components of adurable lubricious surface with enhanced durability, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 2 shows a process flow diagram for preparing an enhanced liquidimpregnated surface via a single-step approach, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 3 shows a process flow diagram for preparing an enhanced liquidimpregnated surface via a sprayed-on approach, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 4A shows an illustration of a cross-section of a substrate with aliquid impregnated surface and an additive, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4B shows an illustration of a cross-section of the liquidimpregnated surface after the additive has migrated to the interfacewith a contact liquid, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 4C shows an illustration of a cross-section of the liquidimpregnated surface after depletion of excess impregnating liquid fromthe interstitial regions, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durable lubricioussurface with an interfacial modifier additive, according to anembodiment.

FIG. 6 shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durable lubricioussurface with an interfacial modifier additive and a rheological modifieradditive, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 7 shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durable lubricioussurface comprising a liquid-impregnated surface and an interfacialmodifier additive, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 8 shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durable lubricioussurface comprising a liquid-impregnated surface and an interfacialmodifier additive, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 9 shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durable lubricioussurface comprising a liquid-impregnated surface and an interfacialmodifier additive, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 10A shows an illustration of a cross-section of a durablelubricious surface comprising a liquid-impregnated surface and aninterfacial modifier additive, according to an embodiments.

FIG. 10B shows an illustration comprising the liquid-impregnated surfaceof FIG. 10A after at least a portion of the interfacial modifieradditive migrates into a product phase.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Engineered surfaces with specifically designed chemical properties andstructural features can possess substantial non-wetting properties thatcan be useful in a wide variety of commercial and technologicalapplications. Hydrophobic surfaces in nature, for example, such as thelotus plant, includes air pockets trapped within the micro- ornano-textured features present on its surface to increase the contactangle of a contact liquid (e.g., water or any other aqueous liquid)disposed on the hydrophobic surface. Inspired by nature, non-wettingsurfaces can also be engineered by disposing a liquid impregnatedsurface on a substrate. Such liquid impregnated surfaces can be superhydrophobic, can be configured to resist ice and frost formation, andcan be highly durable.

Embodiments described herein relate generally to systems and methods forcreating durable lubricious surfaces (DLS) via interfacial modification.Lubricious surfaces as discussed herein include surface liquid layerswith increased durability due to an interfacial modifier additive thatmigrates to the interface between a contact liquid and the surfaceliquid, forming a contacting phase or boundary region. According to someembodiments, lubricious surfaces as discussed herein include liquidimpregnated surfaces (LIS) and enhanced liquid impregnated surfaces(ELIS) comprising impregnating liquids that are impregnated in a surfacethat includes a matrix of solid features defining interstitials regions,such that the interstitial regions include the impregnating liquid. Theimpregnating liquid is configured to wet the solid surfacepreferentially and adhere to the micro-textured surface with strongcapillary forces, such that the DLS or ELIS has a roll off angle orslide-off angle less than that of the native surface or substrate (e.g.,a slide-off/roll-off angle of less than about 5 degrees). This enablesthe contact liquid to slide with substantial ease on the DLS or enhancedliquid-impregnated surface. Therefore, the DLSs described herein providecertain significant advantages over conventional super hydrophobicsurfaces including: (i) such lubricious surfaces have low hysteresis,(ii) have self-cleaning properties, (iii) can withstand high drop impactpressure (i.e., are wear resistant), (iv) can self-heal by capillarywicking upon damage; and (v) can enhance condensation. Examples ofdurable lubricious surfaces such as liquid impregnated surfaces, methodsof making liquid impregnated surfaces and applications thereof, aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,574,704 (also referred to as “the '704patent”), entitled “Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces, Methods of Making, andDevices Incorporating the Same,” issued Nov. 5, 2013, and U.S.Publication No. 2014/0178611 (also referred to as “the '611publication”), entitled “Apparatus and Methods EmployingLiquid-Impregnated Surfaces,” published Jun. 26, 2014, the contents ofwhich are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.Examples of materials used for forming the solid features on thesurface, impregnating liquids, applications involving edible contactliquids, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,940,361 (also referred toherein as “the '361 patent”), entitled “Self-Lubricating Surfaces forFood Packaging and Food Processing Equipment,” issued Jan. 27, 2015, thecontents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. Examples of non-toxic liquid impregnated surfaces aredescribed in U.S. Publication No. 2015/0076030 (also referred to as “the'030 publication”), entitled “Non-toxic Liquid Impregnated Surfaces,”published Mar. 19, 2015, the content of which is hereby incorporatedherein by reference in its entirety. Examples of liquid impregnatedsurfaces having reduced area emerged fraction of solid features aredescribed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2015/0306642, entitled“Apparatus and Methods Employing Liquid-Impregnated Surfaces,” publishedOct. 29, 2015, the content of which is hereby incorporated herein byreference in its entirety.

Embodiments according to the present disclosure include DLSs that areenhanced to improve durability during repeated and prolongedinteractions with a contact liquid (e.g., product) or to improveperformance. As described herein, when certain contact liquids areplaced in contact with a DLS, the performance of the DLS can breakdowndue to characteristics of the contact liquid. For example, certainclasses of non-Newtonian liquids, such as contacting Kingham plastics orother liquids that exhibit a yield stress (“yield stress liquids”), candegrade some liquid impregnated surfaces by dissolving or emulsifyingand removing at least a portion of the impregnating liquid, which canlead to pinning and other undesired effects. In some instances, acombination of rheology (thickness), chemistry, and/or thermodynamiccharacteristics of the contact liquid can compromise the DLS and lead tosub-optimal performance. Consumer packaged goods, such as lotions and/ortoothpastes, are some examples of non-Newtonian contact liquids that caninclude surfactants to enhance foaming, reduce surface tension, and/orfor any number of reasons. Without wishing to be bound to any particulartheory, if the DLS comes into direct contact with the surfactants in thecontact liquid, the surfactants can cause harmful thermodynamic effectsthat compromise the lubricous surface. Without wishing to be bound toany particular theory, for certain contact liquid and lubricious surfaceliquid combinations, the surfactants can undergo undesirable reactionswhen they come in contact with the lubricating liquid on the DLS. Thiscontact can result in alteration of mechanical and/or chemicalproperties of the DLS, which can lead to degradation of the lubricioussurface.

In order to enhance a DLS or LIS, its chemical and/or physicalproperties can be carefully selected to create a custom enhancement fora specific or specific class of contact liquid. In other words, there isno “one-size-fits-all” when creating a DLS. Therefore, the properties ofthe DLS as well as those of the contact liquid are carefully matched sothat the enhanced DLS or ELIS is specifically designed to improveperformance and withstand repeated and prolonged interactions with thecontact liquid (or with certain classes of contact liquids). As such,the physical, chemical, and electronic properties, including propertiesof the solid, the impregnating liquid, and the substrate, are selectedto create a DLS or ELIS designed for the particular viscosity, rheology,miscibility, concentration, and pH, etc. of the contact liquid (or classof contact liquids). A “durable lubricious surface” (DLS) is a class ofengineered surfaces with increased lubricity, wherein“liquid-impregnated surfaces” (LISs), and “enhanced liquid-impregnatedsurfaces” (ELISs) are a non-exhaustive list of specific embodiments thatcan be included within the durable lubricious surface class of surfaces.

In some embodiments, an interfacial modifier (IM) additive can beincluded in the lubricating liquid or impregnating liquid, configuredsuch that the IM migrates to form a secondary interface and become tocontact phase, in order to “cloak” the contact liquid so that thecontact liquid can be insulated (or prevented) from contacting the DLSor LIS. In some embodiments, an IM can be included in the LIS to protectthe LIS as well as to prolong its interfacial properties. Morespecifically, the IM in the ELIS is designed to modify the interfacialrheology between the contact liquid and the LIS. This approach can workwell as an enhancement for LISs for use with contact liquids, such ascontacting yield stress liquids. Said another way, an IM can be used fortargeted alteration of the interface between the contact liquid and theLIS to shield the LIS from potential damages that can be caused by theharmful effects of surfactants, or other harmful characteristics ofcontact liquids, such as the contacting yield stress liquids. In someembodiments, the IM alters the properties of the contacting phase (i.e.,boundary region) at the interface, the modified region being aninterface with properties that are unique from the liquid or thecontacting phase.

In some embodiments, the modification of the interface can begin withinclusion of an additive in the formulation of the LIS. In someembodiments, the modification of the interface can begin by subsequentlyadding the additive after the LIS has been formed. In either approach,the additive included in the ELIS is designed to preferentially adhereto the contact liquid over the LIS. Hence, upon application of the ELIS,the additive migrates towards the contact liquid, rather than to theLIS. Without wishing to be bound to any particular theory, the IMs maymigrate to the interface due to a gradient in chemical potential. Theseadditives are localized at the interface largely due to the rheologicalproperties of the modifiers and product (e.g., non-Newtonian, Binghamplastic products). In some embodiments, the IM may preferentiallymigrate out of the ELIS and into the contact liquid. In someembodiments, the migration of the IM into the contact liquid may cause arheological change to the contact liquid, the ELIS, or both. In someembodiments, the ELIS may become less sticky (more lubricious) aftermigration of the IM into the contact liquid. In some embodiments, thecontact liquid may become more viscous after migration of the IM intothe contact liquid. In some embodiments, the roll-off angle of thecontact liquid (now including the migrated IM) on the ELIS may decreaseafter migration of the IM into the contact liquid.

After application of the ELIS and preferential migration of additivetowards the contact liquid, the newly modified interface may effectivelybecome the contacting surface of the contact liquid, which now possessesaltered properties at the interface. This newly altered interfaceprovides an improved rheology, topography, surface chemistry andthermodynamic characteristics of the contact liquid at the interface ina way that enhances the lubricity by providing thermal insulation andreducing the potentially detrimental effect of surfactants withoutmaterially altering the bulk properties of contact liquid anywhere butat the interface with the liquid impregnated interface. This can beachieved by inclusion of an immiscible additive to the contact liquid toensure that the TM does not to alter the chemical structure and/orfunctional properties of the contact liquid.

As used herein, a “partition coefficient” is hereby defined as the ratioof the concentrations of a solute in two immiscible or slightly miscibleliquids, when it is in equilibrium across the interface between them. Inother words, the partition coefficient describes the rate and extent ofseparation of two liquids initially in solution that are not completelymiscible either with the other. In some embodiments of the applicationof DLS, the partition coefficient, P_(coating/product), can be used todescribe the rate of separation of the IM from the impregnation liquid.In some embodiments of the application of DLS, the partition coefficientcan be used to describe the extent of separation of the IM from theimpregnation liquid. In some embodiments of the application of DLS, thepartition coefficient can be used to describe the rate and extent ofseparation of the IM from the impregnation liquid. In other words, sincethe migration of IM away from the substrate (towards the contact liquid)is advantageous in some embodiments for which the IM becomes the primaryinterface between the LIS and the contact liquid, the partitioncoefficient parameter can be used to select an IM additive that migratesto the interface with the contact liquid sufficiently quickly andextensively.

In some embodiments, the partition coefficient parameter can be definedas

$P_{{coating}/{product}} = \frac{\lbrack{IM}\rbrack_{coating}^{eq}}{\lbrack{IM}\rbrack_{product}^{eq}}$

where [IM]_(coating) ^(eq) and [IM]_(product) ^(eq) are theconcentrations of the IM in the lubricating liquid and the product in asystem at equilibrium, respectively. In some embodiments, for the IM toprefer to reside in the product phase it must satisfyP_(coating/product)<1. In some embodiments, and for many IMs examined,the IM strongly prefers to reside in the product phase and satisfies amore stringent condition of P_(coating/product)<k, where k is somenumber that satisfies k<<1.

In some embodiments of the application of DLS, an IM can include, forexample, a material that enables crosslinking by formation of hydrogenbonding or other physical crosslinking within itself as well as on tothe surface of a water-rich contact liquid. In some embodiments, the DLS(e.g., LIS) can be generally hydrophobic. In some embodiments, thehydrophilicity of the IM can help protect the interface with ahydrophobic LIS by reducing interaction between the hydrophobicimpregnating liquid and the hydrophilic modified interface of thecontact liquid. In some embodiments, the DLS (e.g. LIS) can be generallyhydrophilic. In some embodiments, the hydrophobicity of the IM can helpprotect the interface with a hydrophilic LIS by reducing interactionbetween the hydrophilic impregnating liquid and the hydrophobic modifiedinterface of the contact liquid. Some of the material classes thatexhibit this property include but are not limited to polysaccharides,thermoplastic elastomers, cross-linked polyacrylic acids, waxy solids,and the like. Some examples of polysaccharides include xanthan gum, guargum, cellulose gum, chitin, etc. Some examples of thermoplasticelastomers include are is not limited to styrene ethylene butylenestyrene (SEBS), thermoplastics (TPU), etc. SEBS, which is good atcapturing and retaining oils to form a homogeneous and elastic gel, isactually a form of thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with styrene added.SEBS further includes polyolefin plastics such as polyethylene (PE) andpolypropylene (PP). Some examples of cross-linked polyacrylic acidsinclude but are not limited to sodium polyacrylate, polycarbophil,carbomers (e.g., Lubrizol carbomers), and calcium polyacrylate. Someexamples of waxy solids include carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax,and synthetic waxes such as silicone waxes, hydrocarbon waxes, andperfluoropolyether (PFPE) greases.

In some embodiments, certain IMs can be formulated to work well withcontact liquids, such as contacting yield stress liquids, Binghamplastics, or other non-Newtonian liquids that have a high viscosity.Examples of such contact liquids include but are not limited to lotions,gels, toothpaste, ketchup, shampoo, honey mustard, peanut butter,Nutella, chocolate sauces, cheese whiz, marshmallow fluff, meat slurry,yogurt, mayonnaise, pudding, jelly, jam, etc. While IMs can be used withLISs used in packaging, they can also be used in dynamic environmentssuch as pipes or tanks, with yield stress liquids like paint or oil.Further, IMs can be used with certain surfactant rich products, such aslotions and toothpaste, because the IM can protect the LIS from harmfulthermodynamic effects as described herein.

A DLS can be formed on a substrate in any of a number or ways. Forexample, an additive can be included in a single-spray coating or it canbe sprayed onto a LIS that has already been applied to a substrate. Inthe instance where the additive is included as a component of the LISduring the formation stage, the additive can migrate through the LIS tothe contact liquid. In the instance where the additive is sprayed on topof an existing LIS, the additive is disposed on top of the LIS andattracted to the contact liquid upon contact with the contact liquid.

In some embodiments, the DLS offers the following key advantagesincluding: i) cloaking of the contact liquid; ii) prevent degradation ofthe DLS; iii) the existence of the altered interface (i.e., ‘contactingphase’ or ‘boundary region’) can help prolong slipperiness and enhancedurability. In some embodiments, the methods of making DLS can besubstantially similar to the methods of producing a DLS. In someembodiments, the methods of making the DLS can be substantially similarto the methods of producing a liquid-impregnated surface. In someembodiments, the methods of making the DLS can be substantially similarto the methods of producing the ELIS. In some embodiments, an ELIS canbe viewed as a special category of DLSs with enhanced properties.Therefore, the general methods of making an ELIS can be substantiallysimilar to the methods of making a DLS. As such, an ELIS, much like aLIS or DLS, can be disposed on any substrate, for example, on the innersurface of containers or vessels, and can be configured to present anon-wetting surface to a wide variety of products, for example, foodproducts, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, health and beauty products,consumer products, or any other product, such that the product can beevacuated, detached, or otherwise displaced with substantial ease fromthe LIS.

In some embodiments, a spreading parameter (“S_(scp)”) is the extent ofwhich a coating can spread across a surface based upon interfacialtensions. In other words, a surface coating should spread underneath aproduct and IMs (i.e., the contacting phase) described herein may allowcoatings in some embodiments to spread underneath the interface modifiedlayer of the product when that coating may not otherwise spreadunderneath an unmodified interfacial layer. In some embodiments, thespreading parameter may be defined using S_(scp)=γ_(ps)-γ_(cs)- γ_(cp)where γ_(ps), γ_(cs), and γ_(cp) are the product/solid, coating/solid,and coating/product interfacial tensions, respectively. In someembodiments, S_(scp)>0 allows the coating to spontaneously spreadunderneath the product. In some embodiments,S_(sc(p,IM))=γ_((p,IM)s)-γ_(cs)-γ_(c(p,IM)) where S_(sc(p,IM)) andγ_((p,IM)s) are the interface modified product/solid andcoating/interface spontaneous spreading coefficients related to theamount of spontaneous spread underneath the interface modified layer ofthe product. In some embodiments, use of a particular IM may allowS_(sc(p,IM))>0 to be maintained while S_(scp)<0, enabling previouslyinaccessible coating-product combinations.

In some embodiments, shearing of a product at the coating-productinterface is undesirable (e.g., for products with yield stresses). Insome embodiments, the coating is designed to have reduced yield stressso that the coating yields at lower stresses than the product. In someembodiments, IMs can be used to increase the yield stress of the productat the interface modified layer, which can improve the performance ofthe LIS, and can allow allowing for coatings with higher yield stressesto be used. In some embodiments, τ_(c) and τ_(p) can be defined as theyield stresses of the coating and product, respectively. In someembodiments, the yield stress of the coating is engineered be less thanthe yield stress of the product, τ_(p)>τ_(c), in order for the coatingto be able to shear at a specific stress without the product shearing atthe same stress. In some embodiments, an IM can result inτ_(p,IM)>τ_(p), which can improve the performance and durability of thecoating, where τ_(p,IM) is the yield stress of the interface modifiedlayer of the product. In some embodiments, for a coating-productcomposition for which τ_(p)<τ_(c), an IM can result inτ_(p,IM)>τ_(c)>τ_(p), enabling previously inaccessible coating-productcombinations.

As used herein, the term “about” and “approximately” generally mean plusor minus 10% of the value stated, for example about 250 μm would include225 μm to 275 μm, approximately 1,000 μm would include 900 μm to 1,100μm.

As used herein, the term “contact liquid”, “fluid” and “product” areused interchangeably to refer to a solid or liquid that flows, forexample a non-Newtonian fluid, contacting yield stress liquid, a Binghamfluid, or a thixotropic fluid and is contact with a liquid impregnatedsurface, unless otherwise stated.

As used herein, the term “roll off angle” refers to the inclinationangle of a surface at which a drop of a liquid disposed on the surfacestarts to roll.

As used herein, the term “spray” refers to an atomized spray or mist ofa molten solid, a liquid solution, or a solid particle suspension.

As used herein, the term “complexity” is equal to (r-1)×100% where r isthe Wenzel roughness.

As used herein, the term “average thickness” is the total liquid volumedivided by the total coated surface area.

As used herein, the term “lubricity” is the speed of travel of amaterial across a lubricious surface.

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a DLS, according to an embodiment.The system includes a substrate 110 and a DLS 120 comprising an additive180. In some embodiments, the DLS 120 can include a liquid 160 and theadditive 180. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 160 can beimmiscible with water. In some embodiments, the impregnating liquid 160can be immiscible with certain classes of the contact liquid 190. Someof the examples of the impregnating liquid 160 that are immiscible withcertain classes of the contact liquid 190 include silicone oils,fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinated perfluoropolyethers, andhydrocarbon liquids including mineral oil, paraffin oil, C13-C14isoparaffins, C16-C18 isoparaffins, diglycerides and triglycycerides.

In some embodiments, the DLS 120 can include the liquid 160, solidparticles (not shown) disposed in the liquid 160, and the additive 180.The solid particles can be formulated to modify the viscosity and/orrheological properties of the liquid. In some embodiments, the DLS 120can include a solid 140, the liquid 160, and the additive 180. In someembodiments, the DLS 120 can include the solid 140, the liquid 160,solid particles disposed in the liquid 160, and the IM additive 180. Insome embodiments, the DLS 120 can include a dynamic matrix of the solid140 surrounded by domains of the liquid 160. In some embodiments, the IMadditive 180 can migrate to the surface of the DLS 120 upon contact witha contact liquid 190. In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can havefeatures on its surface that can aid in forming a portion of, or thatcan itself become a component of, the DLS 120. In some embodiments, theDLS 120 can be formulated to modify the interface of the DLS 120 toincrease “slipperiness” with respect to the contact liquid 190.

In some embodiments, solid particles can be added to the liquid 160 inorder to achieve the desired rheology, viscosity, shear strength, anyother physical, chemical and mechanical properties, and any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the particles can be added to the liquid160 topping the solid features disposed on the substrate 110 in order toachieve the desired rheology, viscosity, shear strength, any otherphysical, chemical and mechanical properties, and any combinationthereof. In some embodiments, particles can form a particle-ladenlubricant on the substrate 110 stabilized against deformation ordepletion by interfacial forces enhanced due to the interfacial modifieradditive 180. In some embodiments, the particle-laden lubricantcomprising the liquid and particles is stabilized by the IM additive 180resulting in greater shear strength, burst strength, compressivestrength, tensile strength, impingement resistance, any other mechanicalproperties, or any combination thereof for at least one of a the DLS 120and the substrate 110.

In some embodiments, particles can consist of, for example but notlimited to, insoluble fibers (e.g., purified wood cellulose,micro-crystalline cellulose, and/or oat bran fiber), wax (e.g., carnaubawax, Japan wax, beeswax, candelilla wax), other polysaccharides,fructo-oligosaccharides, metal oxides, montan wax, lignite and peat,ozokerite, ceresins, bitumens, petrolatuns, paraffins, microcrystallinewax, lanolin, esters of metal or alkali, flour of coconut, almond,potato, wheat, pulp, zein, dextrin, cellulose ethers (e.g., Hydroxyethylcellulose, Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose,Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose),ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, silicas, clay minearals, bentonite,palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite, graphite, molybdenumdisulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate, sodium oleate, sodiumpalmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar, gelatin, pectin,gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey, polystyrene, nylon,polypropylene, wax, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene,polyethylene, polyurethane, polysulphone, polyethersulfone,polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), fluorinatedethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF),perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA), perfluoromethylvinylether copolymer (MFA), ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylenc copolymer(ECTFE), ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE),perfluoropolyether(PFPE), polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE),polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethyleneglycol (PEG), Tecnoflon celluloseacetate, poly(acrylic acid), poly(propylene oxide), D-sorbitol,polycarbonate, one or more members from the following list of StyrenicBlock copolymers, including but not limited to, SEP:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene), SEPS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,SEBS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene, SEEPS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene, SIS:Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene; one or more members from the following list ofPoly-olefin based thermoplastic elastomers, including but not limitedto, Ethylene-Propylene random copolymer (EPM), Hydrogenatedpolybutadiene-isoprene-butadiene block copolymer; one or more membersfrom the following list of Polyamide based thermoplastic elastomers,including but not limited to, Polyesteramides (PEA),Polyetheresteramides (PEEA), Polycarbonate esteramides (PCEA),Polyether-block-amides (PE-b-A); and one or more members from thefollowing list of Polyacrylate based thermoplastic elastomers, includingbut not limited to, Poly(MMA-b-tBA-MMA) and Poly(MMA-b-alkylacrylate-MMA), any other material described or listed herein, or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, particles can range in size from about 10 nm toabout 100 μm, from about 50 nm to about 50 μm, from about 500 nm toabout 25 μm, from about 500 nm to about 20 μm, or from about 750 nm toabout 50 μm, from about 500 nm to about 20 μm, inclusive of all valuesand ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the particles can besubstantially uniform in size. In some embodiments, the particles can besubstantially non-uniform in size. In some embodiments, the particlescan be porous, with pores ranging in size from about 5 nm to about 5 μm,from about 5 nm to about 500 nm, from about 5 nm to about 50 nm, fromabout 5 nm to about 250 nm, from about 50 nm to about 500 nm, from about500 nm to about 5 μm, from about 500 nm to about 4 μm, from about 1 μmto about 3 μm, or from about 500 nm to about 2 μm, inclusive of allvalues and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the particles canbe shaped, coated, treated, charged, magnetized, irradiated, chemicallytreated, heated, cooled, excited, bombarded with energy, hardened,weakened, attached, modified according to any other method known by apractitioner generally well-versed in the art, or any combinationthereof, such that any contacting phase and contact liquid interactioncharacteristics described herein can be accomplished accordingly.

In some embodiments, particles can consist of pH-responsive materials,materials with non-uniform surface modification (such as partialhydrophobic treatment of a hydrophilic surface), materials with variedand heterogeneous chemical composition, broad molecular weightdistributions, amphiphilic character, shape anisotropy such as discs(see Laponite clays), multiple materials with synergistic networkingbehavior. These materials can range in size from 5 nm to 500 um. In someembodiments, particles can range in size from 50 nm to 500 nm, or from500 nm to 5 um, or from 500 nm to 20 um, inclusive of all values andranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the particles can besubstantially uniform in size. In some embodiments, the particles can besubstantially non-uniform in size. In some embodiments, the particlescan be porous, with pores ranging in size from 5 nm to 50 nm, 50 nm to500 nm, or from 500 nm to 5 um. In some embodiments, the particles canbe coated, treated, charged, magnetized such that they respond (deform,swell, contract, move, etc.) to externally-applied stimuli such asmagnetic or electric fields, changes in pH or ionic strength, light,gradients in surface tension, concentration or, most broadly, Gibbs freeenergy.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can include, for example, one ormore tubes, bottles, vials, flasks, molds, jars, tubs, cups, caps,glasses, pitchers, barrels, bins, totes, tanks, kegs, tubs, syringes,tins, pouches, lined boxes, hoses, cylinders, and cans. The substrate110 can be constructed in almost any desirable shape. In someembodiments, the substrate 110 can include hoses, piping, conduit,nozzles, syringe needles, dispensing tips, lids, pumps, and othersurfaces for containing, transporting, or dispensing the contact liquid190. The substrate 110 can be constructed from any suitable materialincluding, for example, plastic, glass, metal, coated fibers, any othermaterial appropriate for a given application, or combinations thereof.Suitable surfaces of the substrate 110 can include, for example,polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polysulphone,polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene(TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FFP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA),perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (MFA),ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE),polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyethyleneglycol (PEG), Tecnoflon cellulose acetate, poly(acrylicacid), poly(propylene oxide), D-sorbitol, polycarbonate, or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can be constructed ofrigid or flexible materials. Foil-lined or polymer-lined cardboard orpaper boxes can also be used to form the substrate 110. In someembodiments, the substrate 110 can have a flat surface, for example aninner surface of a prismatic container, or a contoured surface, forexample an inner surface, of a circular, oblong, elliptical, oval orotherwise contoured container.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have a surface that hasinherent surface structures, and/or a surface that is chemically and/orphysically modified. For example, the substrate 110 can have a surfacethat is flat, bumpy, smooth, textured with regular periodic patterns, ortextured with random shapes and contours. In some embodiments, thesubstrate 110 can be etched, sandblasted, engraved, or otherwise havematerial subtracted (e.g., removed) from its surface to create thetextured surface. In other embodiments, the substrate 110 can havematerials added (e.g., deposited) to its surface to create the texturedsurface. In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have texture orroughness formed into the surface (e.g. by embossing, knurling, orstamping). In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have a surfacetexture formed during and/or after the creation of the substrate 110without any subsequent modification to its surface.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can include containers withinherent roughness (complexity equal to or greater than 10%) thatresults in better performance with the addition of the liquidimpregnated surface. Examples of substrates 110 with good performanceinclude high-density polyethylene.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have a plurality of solidfeatures that are disposed on the surface of the substrate 110, suchthat the plurality of solid features define interstitial regions betweenthe plurality of solid features. The surface of the substrate 110 cancomprise posts, spheres, micro/nano needles, nanograss, pores, cavities,interconnected pores, inter connected cavities, and/or any other randomgeometry that provides a micro and/or nano surface roughness. In someembodiments, the height of features can be about 1 μm, about 10 μm,about 20 μm, about 30 μm, about 4 μm, about 50 μm, about 60 μm, about 70μm, about 80 μm, about 90 μm, about 100 μm, about 200 μm, about 300 μm,about 400 μm, about 500 μm, about 600 μm, about 700 μm, about 800 μm,about 900 μm, up to about 1 mm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween, orany other suitable height for receiving the liquid 160, In someembodiments, the height of the solids features can be less than about 1μm. For example, in some embodiments, the solid features can have aheight of about 1 nm, about 5 nm, about 10 nm, about 20 nm, about 30 nm,about 40 nm, about 50 nm, about 100 nm, about 200 nm, about 300 nm,about 400 nm, about 500 nm, about 600 nm, about 700 nm, about 800 nm,about 900 nm, or about 1,000 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween.Furthermore, the height of solid features can be, for example,substantially uniform. In some embodiments, the solid features can havean interstitial spacing, for example, in the range of about 1 μm toabout 100 μm, about 1 μm to about 10 μm, or about 5 nm to about 1 μm. Insome embodiments, the substrate 110 can have textured surface comprisingof hierarchical features, for example, micro-scale features that furtherinclude nano-scale features thereupon. In some embodiments, the surfaceof the substrate 110 can be isotropic. In some embodiments, the surfaceof the substrate 110 can be anisotropic.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have solid features formedin, or otherwise disposed on its surface using any suitable method. Forexample, some solid features can be disposed on the inside of thesubstrate 110 (e.g., a bottle or other food container) or be integral tothe surface itself (e.g., the textures of a polycarbonate bottle may bemade of polycarbonate). In some embodiments, some of the solid featureson the substrate 110 may be formed of a collection or coating ofparticles including, but not limited to insoluble fibers (e.g., purifiedwood cellulose, micro-crystalline cellulose, and/or oat bran fiber), wax(e.g., carnauba wax, Japan wax, beeswax, candelilla wax), otherpolysaccharides, fructo-oligosaccharides, metal oxides, montan wax,lignite and peat, ozokerite, ceresins, bitumens, petrolatuns, paraffins,microcrystalline wax, lanolin, esters of metal or alkali, flour ofcoconut, almond, potato, wheat, pulp, zein, dextrin, cellulose ethers(e.g., Hydroxyethyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),Hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC),Ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose), ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, silicas,clay minearals, bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite,apatite, graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodiumformate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodiumalginate, agar, gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan,whey and/or any other edible solid particles described herein or anycombination thereof.

In some embodiments, solid features of the substrate 110 can be createdby exposing the substrate 110 (e.g., polycarbonate) to a solvent (e.g.,acetone). For example, the solvent may impart texture by inducingcrystallization (e.g., polycarbonate may recrystallize when exposed toacetone). In some embodiments, solid features on the substrate 110 canbe disposed by dissolving, etching, melting, reacting, treating, orspraying on a foam or aerated solution, exposing the surface toelectromagnetic waves such as, for example ultraviolet (UV) light ormicrowaves, or evaporating away a portion of a surface, leaving behind atextured, porous, and/or rough surface that includes a plurality of thesolid features. In some embodiments, solid features on the substrate 110can be defined by mechanical roughening (e.g., tumbling with anabrasive), spray-coating or polymer spinning, deposition of particlesfrom solution (e.g., layer-by-layer deposition, evaporating away liquidfrom a liquid/particle suspension), and/or extrusion or blow-molding ofa foam, or foam-forming material (for example a polyurethane foam). Insome embodiments, solid features on the substrate 110 can also be formedby deposition of a polymer from a solution (e.g., the polymer forms arough, porous, or textured surface); extrusion or blow-molding of amaterial that expands upon cooling, leaving a wrinkled surface; andapplication of a layer of a material onto a surface that is undertension or compression, and subsequently relaxing the tension orcompression of surface beneath, resulting in a textured surface.

In some embodiments, solid features on the substrate 110 are disposedthrough non-solvent induced phase separation of a polymer, resulting ina sponge-like porous structure. For example, a solution of polysulfone,poly(vinylpyrrolidone), and DMAc may be cast onto a substrate and thenimmersed in a bath of water. Upon immersion in water, the solvent andnon-solvent exchange, and the polysulfone precipitates and hardens.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can include micro-scale featuressuch as, for example, posts, spheres, nano-needles, pores, cavities,interconnected pores, grooves, ridges, interconnected cavities, or anyother random geometry that provides a micro and/or nano surfaceroughness. In some embodiments, some of the solid features on thesubstrate 110 can include particles that have micro-scale or nano-scaledimensions which can be randomly or uniformly dispersed on a surface.Characteristic spacing between the solid features can be about 1 mm,about 900 μm, about 800 μm, about 700 μm, about 600 μm, about 500 μm,about 400, μm, about 300 μm, about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 90 μm,about 80 μm, about 70 μm, about 60 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm, about30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 5 μm, 1 μm, or 100 nm, about 90nm, about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about 40 nm,about 30 nm, about 20 nm about 10 nm, or about 5 nm lit someembodiments, characteristic spacing between the solid features can be inthe range of about 100 μm to about 100 nm, about 30 μm to about 1 μm, orabout 10 μm to about 1 μm. In some embodiments, characteristic spacingbetween the solid features can be in the range of about 100 μm to about80 μm, about 80 μm to about 50 μm, about 50 μm to about 30 μm, about 30μm to about 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 1 μm, about 1 μm to about 90 nm,about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nm to about 50 nm, about 50 nm toabout 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about 10 nm, or about 10 nm to about 5 nm,inclusive of all ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have, for example solidparticles of average dimension of about 200 μm, about 100 μm, about 90μm, about 80 μm, about 70 μm, about 60 μm, about 50 μm, about 40 μm,about 30 μm, about 20 μm, about 10 μm, about 5 μm, 1 μm, about 100 nm,about 90 nm, about 80 nm, about 70 nm, about 60 nm, about 50 nm, about40 nm, about 30 nm, about 20 nm, about 10 nm, or about 5 nm. In someembodiments, the average dimension of the solid particles disposed onthe substrate 110 can be in the range of about 100 μm to about 100 nm,about 30 μm to about 10 μm, or about 20 μm to about 1 μm. In someembodiments, the average dimension of the solid particles can be in therange of about 100 μm to about 80 μm, about 80 μm to about 50 μm, about50 μm to about 30 μm, or about 30 μm to about 10 μm, or 10 μm to about 1μm, about 1 μm to about 90 nm, about 90 nm to about 70 nm, about 70 nmto about 50 nm, about 50 nm to about 30 nm, about 30 nm, to about 10 nm,or about 10 nm to about 5 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. Insome embodiments, the height of features on the substrate 110 can besubstantially uniform. In some embodiments, the substrate 110 caninclude hierarchical features, for example micro-scale features thatfurther include nano-scale features disposed thereupon.

In some embodiments, the substrate 110 can have a porous surfacecomprising a plurality of particles. The characteristic pore size (e.g.,pore widths or lengths) of the plurality of particles can be about 5,000nm, about 3,000 nm, about 2,000 nm, about 1,000 nm, about 500 nm, about400 nm, about 300 urn, about 200 nm, about 100 nm, about 80 nm, about50, or about 10 nm, inclusive of all ranges therebetween. In someembodiments, the characteristic pore size can be in the range of about200 nm to about 2 μm, or about 10 nm to about 1 μm, inclusive of allranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the DLS 120 can be formed by a number of methodssubstantially similar to those described in the '704 patent, the '522publication, and the '361 patent. The DLS 120 can be configured and/orformulated to prevent the contact liquid 190 from adhering to thesubstrate 110 by forming a liquid impregnated surface layer on thesubstrate 110. In some embodiments, the DLS 120 can be configured and/orformulated to prevent the contact liquid 190 from damaging or degradingthe liquid impregnated surface as formed on the substrate 110. The DLS120 can be engineered to coat the substrate 110 by utilizing one or moretechnical approaches, including but not limited to, forming a dynamicmatrix of polymer (or more generally solid 140), one or more liquids(liquid 160, which are immiscible with the contact liquid 190), and theadditive 180 that can migrate to the interface near the contact liquid190 so as to form an interfacial layer that substantially separates theimpregnating liquid 160 and the contact liquid 190.

In some embodiments, the solid 140 can include different materials,including surface features already present on the substrate 110. Asdescribed herein, the solid 140 can include one or more members from thefollowing list of Styrenic Block copolymers, including but not limitedto, SEP: Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene), SEPS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,SEBS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene, SEEPS:Polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene, SIS:Styrene-Isoprene-Styrene; one or more members from the following list ofPoly-olefin based thermoplastic elastomers, including but not limitedto, Ethylene-Propylene random copolymer (EPM), Hydrogenatedpolybutadiene-isoprene-butadiene block copolymer; one or more membersfrom the following list of Polyamide based thermoplastic elastomers,including but not limited to, Polyesteramides (PEA),Polyetheresteramides (PEEA), Polycarbonate esteramides (PCEA),Polyether-block-amides (PE-b-A); and one or more members from thefollowing list of Polyacrylate based thermoplastic elastomers, includingbut not limited to, Poly(MMA-b-tBA-MMA) and Poly(MMA-b-alkylacrylate-MMA).

In some embodiments, the solid 140 can comprise a matrix of solidfeatures formed from one or more of materials from some classes of gelforming materials. Some of the gel forming solids include categories ofpolymers and copolymers, such as hydrocarbon polymers, star polymers,block copolymers, silicones, specifically elastomers, alkyl siliconewaxes, hydrocarbon waxes, polymethylsilsesquioxane, vinyl dimethiconecopolymers, gelatin, chitin, chitosan, carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose esters. In some embodiments, thegel forming solids/materials include materials which are formed in togel by the infusion of several classes of liquids. Such materials havethe material property of being able to absorb liquids of certain classesand result in self-assembled solid features or structures of the typethat are classified under the category of gels. In some embodiments,this is defined as having viscoelastic properties typical of gelmaterials defined by storage modulus, loss modulus and a phase anglemeasured in tensile and shear loads.

In some embodiments, the solid 140 can also comprise some classes of gelforming liquids. When mixed with gel forming solids, the gel formingmaterials result in gel formation including but not limited tohydrocarbon liquids, such as for example, mineral oil, paraffin oil,C13-C14 isoparaffins, C16-C18 isoparaffins, di- and triglycycerideesters, tri alkyl esters of citric acid, glycerol di- and triesters,esters of myristates, adipates, sebacates.

In some embodiments, the liquid 160 can be a solvent liquid. Asdescribed herein, some examples of solvent liquids can includehydrocarbon liquids, esters, and ethers. Examples of hydrocarbon liquidsinclude, but are not limited to alkane liquids and mixture of C13-C16isoparaffins, isohexadecane, mineral oils, napthenic oils, polyisobuteneand hydrogenated version of the same, and petrolatum. In someembodiments, the liquid 160 can be an ester. Examples of esters include,but are not limited to decyl oleate, decyl cocoate, dibutyl adipate,isocetyl stearate, isopropyl myristate, isopropyl palmitate, oleyloleate, sebacate, caprillic/capric esters, and stcaryl stearate. In someembodiments, the liquid 160 can be an ether, such as dioctyl ether.

In some embodiments, the liquid 160 can include a non-solvent liquid. Asdescribed herein, some examples of non-solvent liquids can includesilicone oils with straight chains or cyclic chains, fluorinatedliquids, such as fluorinated hydrocarbon liquids, perfluorinatedhydrocarbon liquids, fluorinated perfluoropolyether (PEPE), fluorinatedsilicones, aryl silicones, phenyl trimethicone, cyclomethicones, arylcyclomethicones, mineral oil, paraffin oil, C13-C14 isoparaffins,C16-C18 isoparaffins, di and triglycyceride esters, and tri alkyl estersof citric acid.

In some embodiments, the liquid 160 can be immiscible with water. Insome embodiments, the liquid 160 can be immiscible with certain classesof the contact liquid 190. Some of the examples of the liquid 160 thatare immiscible with certain classes of the contact liquid 190 includesilicone oils, fluorinated hydrocarbons, fluorinatedperfluoropolyethers, fluorinated silicones, aryl silicones, phenyltrimethicone, cyclomethicones, aryl cyclomethicones and hydrocarbonliquids including mineral oil, paraffin oil, C13-C14 isoparaffins,C16-C18 isoparaffins, di and triglycyceride esters, and tri alkyl estersof citric acid. In some embodiments, the liquid 160 can be miscible withcertain gel forming liquids described above with reference to gelforming materials of the solid 140.

In some embodiments, the additive 180 can include polysaccharides,thermoplastic elastomers, and the like. Some examples of polysaccharidesinclude xanthan gum, guar gum, cellulose gum, chitin, etc. Some examplesof thermoplastic elastomers include styrene ethylene butylene styrene(SEBS), thermoplastics (TPU), etc. SEBS, which is good at capturing andretaining oils to form a homogeneous and elastic gel, is actually a formof thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) with styrene added. SEBS furtherincludes polyolefin plastics such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene(PP).

In some embodiments, the additive 180 can include cross-linked (poly)acrylic acids such as Lubrizol carbomers. The carbomers are highmolecular weight, crosslinked and (poly) acrylic acid-based polymers. Insome exemplary embodiments, the additive 180 can include Lubrizolpolymers containing carbomer homoolymers, such as polymers of acrylicacid crosslinked with allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol, carbomerhomopolymers, such as polymers of acrylic acide and a C10-C30 alkylacrylate crosslinked with allyl pentaerythritol, carbomer interpolymersthat include homopolymers and/or copolymers that contain a blockcopolymer or polyethylene glycol and a long chain alkyl acid ester, andpolycarbophil that includes a polymer of acrylic acid crosslinked withdivinyl glycol, etc. In some exemplary embodiments, the additive 180 canbe made to move to the interface upon application of external stimulisuch as a magnetic or electric field, change in pH, change intemperature, etc. In some exemplary embodiments, the additive 180 canmove to the interface without external stimuli, yet can still beactively manipulated after they move to the interface via the sameexternal stimuli.

In some embodiments, the contact liquids 190 are the substances and/orproducts for which the DLS 120 is applicable. In some embodiments, theapplicable class of substances includes general products and items thatare shear thinning with water or oil as the major phase. For example, insome embodiments, the contact liquid 190 can include products andsubstances that are usually an oil-in-water emulsion. In someembodiments, the contact liquid 190 can include a medium which is mainlywater or water with dissolved polar components or nonpolar components upto a certain concentration of surfactants/emulsifiers. In someembodiments, the contact liquid 190 can be any liquid that is slightlymiscible or immiscible with DLS 120 such as, for example, water, edibleliquids or aqueous formulations (e.g., ketchup, mustard, mayonnaise,honey, etc.), environmental fluids (e.g., sewage, rain water), bodilyfluids (e.g., urine, blood, stool), or any other fluid. In someembodiments, the contact liquid 190 can be a food product or a foodingredient such as, for example, a sticky, highly viscous, and/ornon-Newtonian fluid or food product. Such food products can include, forexample, candy, chocolate syrup, mash, yeast mash, beer mash, taffy,food oil, fish oil, marshmallow, dough, batter, baked goods, chewinggum, bubble gum, butter, peanut butter, jelly, jam, dough, gum, cheese,cream, cream cheese, mustard, yogurt, sour cream, curry, sauce, ajvar,currywurst sauce, salsa lizano, chutney, pebre, fish sauce, tzatziki,sriracha sauce, vegemite, chimichurri, HP sauce/brown sauce, harissa,kochujang, hoisan sauce, kim chi, cholula hot sauce, tartar sauce,tahini, hummus, shichimi, ketchup, mustard, pasta sauce, Alfredo sauce,spaghetti sauce, icing, dessert toppings, or whipped cream, liquid egg,ice cream, animal food, and any other food product or combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the contact liquid 190 can include atopical or oral drug, a cream, an ointment, a lotion, an eye drop, anoral drug, an intravenous drug, an intramuscular drug, a suspension, acolloid, or any other form and can include any drug included within theFDA's database of approved drugs. In some embodiments, the contactliquid 190 can include a health and beauty product, for example,toothpaste, mouth washes, mouth creams, denture fixing compounds, anyother oral hygiene product, sun screens, anti-perspirants,anti-bacterial cleansers, lotions, shampoo, conditioner, moisturizers,face washes, hair-gels, medical fluids (e.g., anti-bacterial ointmentsor creams), any other health or beauty product, and/or a combinationthereof. In some embodiments, the contact liquid 190 can include anyother non-Newtonian, thixotropic or highly viscous fluid, for example,laundry detergent, paint, caulks, sealants, adhesives, agrochemicals,oils, glues, waxes, petroleum products, fabric softeners, industrialsolutions, or any other contact liquid 190.

FIG. 2 shows a process flow diagram describing a manufacturing method200 for preparing an ELIS 220, according to an embodiment. Themanufacturing method 200 includes combining a solid 240, a liquid 260,and an additive 280, at step 202. The solid 240 can be any of the solids140 described above with reference to FIG. 1, the liquid 260 can be anyof the liquids 160 described above with reference to FIG. 1, and theadditive 280 can be any of the additive 180 described above withreference to FIG. 1. Therefore, the solid 240, the liquid 260, and theadditive 280 are not described in further detail herein, and should beconsidered identical or substantially similar to the solid 140, theliquid 160, and the additive 180 unless explicitly describeddifferently. In some embodiments, the solid 240, the liquid 260, and theadditive 280 can be combined in a container and agitated or stirred, orany other type or form of mixing, shaking, and centrifuging. In someembodiments, the resulting mixture of the solid 240, the liquid 260, andthe additive 280 can be in the form of liquid, semi-solid, slurry, gel,or paste.

Once a mixture of the solid 240, the liquid 260, and the additive 280 isproduced, the mixture is disposed onto the substrate 210, at step 204.In some embodiments, the mixture can be disposed on the substrate 210 toform a substantially continuous coating. A substrate 210 can be any ofthe substrates 110, described above with reference to FIG. 1. Therefore,the substrate 210 is not described in further detail herein, and shouldbe considered identical or substantially similar unless explicitlydescribed differently. In some embodiments, the mixture of the solid240, the liquid 260, and the additive 280 can be disposed on thesubstrate 210 while the substrate 210 is spinning (e.g., a spin coatingprocess). In some embodiments, the mixture of the solid 240, the liquid260, and the additive 280 can be condensed onto the substrate 210. Insome embodiments, the mixture of the solid 240, the liquid 260, and theadditive 280 can be applied by depositing the mixture of the solid 240,the liquid 260, and the additive 280 with one or more volatile liquids(e.g., via any of the previously described methods) and evaporating awaythe one or more volatile liquids. In some embodiments, the mixture ofthe solid 240, the liquid 260, and the additive 280 can be applied usinga spreading (non-viscous) liquid that spreads or pushes the liquid 260and/or the additive 280 along the surface of the substrate 210. Thenon-viscous flow of the combined solution traversing on the surface ofthe substrate 210 may distribute the mixture of the solid 240, theliquid 260, and the additive 280 uniformly across the surface of thesubstrate 210.

After the solid 240, the liquid 260, and the additive 280 have beendisposed on the substrate 210, an ELIS 220 is formed at step 206. Asdescribed above, the ELIS 220 can include a microscopically smoothuniform ELIS 220 coating on the substrate 210. In some embodiments, theELIS 220 coating can also be a macroscopically smooth coating. In someembodiments, the volume percentage of the ELIS 220 that is solid (solidconcentration) can be within a range of 5% to 90% of solid 240 in theliquid 260, or in the range of 1% to 20% of solid in the liquid. Thissolid concentration can result in a very low fraction of the solid thatis non-submerged by the liquid (ϕ<2%).

In some embodiments, the ELIS 220 can have a coating thickness of aboutlnm to about 10 nm, about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 100 nm to about200 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm,about 400 nm to about 500 nm, about 500 nm to about 600 nm, about 600 nmto about 700 nm, about 700 nm to about 800 nm, about 800 nm to about 900nm, about 900 nm to about 1 μm, about 1 μm to about 5 μm, about 5 μm toabout 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 5 μm, about 50 μm to about 100 μm,about 100 μm to about 200 μm, about 200 μm to about 300 μm, about 300 μmto about 400 μm, about 400 μm to about 500 μm, about 500 μm to about 600μm, about 600 μm to about 700 μm, about 700 μm to about 800 μm, about800 μm to about 900 μm, about 900 μm to about 1 mm, or about 1 mm toabout 10 mm, and any thickness in the ranges therebetween.

FIG. 3 shows a process flow diagram describing a manufacturing method300 for preparing an ELIS 320, according to an embodiment. Themanufacturing method 300 includes combining a solid 340 and a liquid360, at step 302. The solid 340 can be any of the solids 140 describedabove with reference to FIG. 1 and the liquid 360 can be any of theliquids 160 described above with reference to FIG. 1. Therefore, thesolid 340 and the liquid 360 are not described in further detail herein,and should be considered identical or substantially similar to the solid140 and liquid 160 unless explicitly described differently. In someembodiments, the solid 340 and the liquid 360 can be combined in acontainer and agitated or stirred, or any other type or form of mixing,shaking, and centrifuging. In some embodiments, the resulting mixture ofthe solid 340 and the liquid 360 can be in the form of liquid,semi-solid, slurry, gel, or paste.

Once a mixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360 is produced, themixture is disposed onto the substrate 310, at step 304. In someembodiments, the mixture can be disposed on the substrate 310 to form asubstantially continuous coating. A substrate 310 can be any of thesubstrates 110, described above with reference to FIG. 1. Therefore, thesubstrate 310 is not described in further detail herein, and should beconsidered identical or substantially similar unless explicitlydescribed differently. In some embodiments, the mixture of the solid 340and the liquid 360 can be disposed on the substrate 310 while thesubstrate 310 is spinning (e.g., a spin coating process). In someembodiments, the mixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360 can becondensed onto the substrate 310. In some embodiments, the mixture ofthe solid 340 and the liquid 360 can be applied by depositing themixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360 with one or more volatileliquids (e.g., via any of the previously described methods) andevaporating away the one or more volatile liquids. In some embodiments,the mixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360 can be applied using aspreading, low viscosity liquid that spreads or pushes the liquid 360along the surface of the substrate 310. The non-viscous flow of thecombined solution traversing on the surface of the substrate 310 maydistribute the mixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360 uniformlyacross the surface of the substrate 310.

After the solid 340 and the liquid 360 are disposed on the substrate 310forming a liquid impregnated surface, an additive 380 can be disposedonto the previously disposed liquid impregnated surface comprising themixture of the solid 340 and the liquid 360, at step 306. As describedherein, the additive 380 can be any of the additive 180 described abovewith reference to FIG. 1. Therefore, the additive 380 is not describedin further detail herein, and should be considered identical orsubstantially similar unless explicitly described differently.

After the additive 380 has been disposed onto the previously depositedliquid impregnated surface comprising the solid 340 and the liquid 360on the substrate 310, an ELIS 320 is formed at step 308. As describedabove, the ELIS 320 can include the additive 380 disposed on the liquidimpregnated surface comprising the solid 340 and the liquid 360, whichcan be a microscopically smooth uniform ELIS 320 coating on thesubstrate 310. In some embodiments, the ELIS 320 coating can also be amacroscopically smooth coating. In some embodiments, the ELIS 320coating can appear as particles sprinkled onto a liquid impregnatedsurface. The method of disposing the additive 380 can be any method orprocesses that have been described herein and in various referencedapplications incorporated by reference herein.

In some embodiments, the average solid concentration of the ELIS 320 canbe within a range of 5% to 90% of solid 340 in the liquid 360. Thissolid concentration can result in a very low portion of the solid thatis non-submerged by the liquid (ϕ<2%).

In some embodiments, the ELIS 320 can have a coating thickness of about1 nm to about 10 nm, about 10 nm to about 100 nm, about 100 nm to about200 nm, about 200 nm to about 300 nm, about 300 nm to about 400 nm,about 400 nm to about 500 nm, about 500 nm to about 600 nm, about 600 nmto about 700 nm, about 700 nm to about 800 nm, about 800 nm to about 900nm, about 900 nm to about 1 μm, about 1 μm to about 5 μm, about 5 μm toabout 10 μm, about 10 μm to about 50 μm, about 50 μm to about 100 μm,about 100 μm to about 200 μm, about 200 μm to about 300 μm, about 300 μmto about 400 μm, about 400 μm to about 500 μm, about 500 μm to about 600μm, about 600 μm to about 700 μm, about 700 μm to about 800 μm, about800 μm to about 900 μm, about 900 μm to about 1 mm, or about 1 mm toabout 10 mm, and any thickness in the ranges therebetween.

FIG. 4A is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a liquidimpregnated surface 420A and an additive 480 disposed on a substrate410. As depicted in FIG. 4A, the liquid impregnated surface 420Aincludes a solid 440, an impregnating liquid 460, and the additive 480dispersed in the impregnating liquid 460. As shown, the additive 480comprises a plurality of particles randomly distributed throughout theimpregnating liquid 460. In some embodiments, the liquid impregnatessurface 420A having the additive 480 disposed in the impregnating liquid460 can be produced by the manufacturing method 200 as described abovewith reference to FIG. 2. In some embodiments, the liquid impregnatedsurface 420A having the additive 480 disposed in the impregnating liquid460 can be produced by the manufacturing method 300 as described abovewith reference to FIG. 3.

In some embodiments, such as those depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B and 7, thereis excess impregnating liquid that is mobile over and above the solidfeatures. The mobile excess liquid can drain over time until thethickness of the liquid impregnated surface is equal or less than thedimension of the solid particles, aggregates of solid particles, or thepeak height of surface features, at which point the liquid would bestabilized by capillary forces in a configuration similar to thatdepicted in FIGS. 4C, 8 and 9. In such cases, phi can be non-zero.

As described herein, the substrate 410 can be any of the substrates 110described above with reference to FIG. 1. The substrate 410 can beformed entirely or partially from any of the substrates 110. The surfacefeatures on the substrate 410 can be substantially similar to thesurface features described in reference to the substrate 110. Therefore,the substrate 410 is not described in further detail herein and shouldbe considered substantially similar unless explicitly describeddifferently. Similarly, the solid 440 can be substantially similar tothe solid 140 as described in reference to FIG. 1, and hence, is notdescribed in further detail herein and should be consideredsubstantially similar unless explicitly described differently. Likewise,the impregnating liquid 460 can be substantially similar to the liquid160 as described in reference to FIG. 1, and hence, is not described infurther detail herein and should be considered substantially similarunless explicitly described differently. In addition, the additive 480can be substantially similar to the additive 180 as described inreference to FIG. 1, and hence, is not described in further detailherein and should be considered substantially similar unless explicitlydescribed differently.

FIG. 4B is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of an ELIS 420Bafter a contact liquid 490 is disposed onto the liquid impregnatedsurface 420A. As depicted in FIG. 4B, the randomly distributed additive480 particles have migrated to the interface with the contact liquid 490to form an interfacial layer 485. In some embodiments, the interfaciallayer 485 covers the entire interface between the contact liquid 490 andthe ELIS 420B. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 485substantially covers the interface between the contact liquid 490 andthe ELIS 420B. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 485 covers amajority of the interface between the contact liquid 490 and the ELIS420B. In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 485 covers a portion ofthe interface between the contact liquid 490 and the ELIS 420B.

In some embodiments, the interfacial layer 485 can be one monolayer inthickness between the contact liquid 490 and the ELIS 420B. In someembodiments, the interfacial layer 485 can be a few monolayers inthickness between the contact liquid 490 and the ELIS 420B. In someembodiments, the interfacial layer 485 can be several monolayers inthickness between the contact liquid 490 and the ELIS 420B. In someembodiments, the interfacial layer 485 can have a thickness of 0.1 nm,0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm,1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 1.6 nm, 1.7 nm, 1.8 nm, 1.9 nm,2.0 nm, 2.2 nm, 2.4 nm, 2.6 nm, 2.8 nm, 3.0 nm, 4.0 nm, 5.0 nm, 6.0 nm,7.0 nm, 8.0 nm, 9.0 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm,17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 22 nm, 24 nm, 26 nm, 28 nm, 30 nm, 32 nm, 34nm, 36 nm, 38 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, or 100 nm, 1 μm, 10 μm, 50 μm, 500 μm, 1mm, 2 mm, 5 mm, inclusive of all thicknesses therebetween.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a DLS 520,comprising a substrate 510, a lubricious liquid 560 disposed on thesubstrate 510, a contact liquid 590 (i.e., product), and an interfacialmodifier additive 580 at least partially disposed in the lubricousliquid 560. As described herein, the interfacial modifier additive 580is formulated to migrate away from the substrate 510 and form asecondary contacting phase at the interface 585 between the lubriciousliquid 560 and the contact liquid 590. In some embodiments, theinterfacial modifier additive 580 is mixed in with the lubricious liquid560 and then migrates through the lubricious liquid 560 to form theinterface 585 when the lubricious liquid 560 comes in contact with thecontact liquid 590. In some embodiments, the lubricious liquid 560isfirst disposed on the substrate 510 and the interfacial modifieradditive 580 is then disposed on the surface of the lubricious liquid560. The partition coefficient of the interfacial modified additive 580is sufficient to maintain substantial micell zation and dissolving ofthe interfacial modifier additive 580 from the lubricious liquid 560.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a DLS 620,comprising a substrate 620, a lubricious liquid 660 disposed on thesubstrate 610, a contact liquid 690 (i.e., product), an interfacialmodifier additive 680 at least partially disposed in the lubriciousliquid 660, and a rheological modifier additive 670 disposed in thelubricious liquid. In some embodiments, the rheological modifieradditive 670 is disposed in the lubricious liquid 660 and the mixture isdisposed on the substrate 610, such that the rheological modifieradditive 670 remains substantially homogenously distributed throughoutthe lubricous liquid 660. In some embodiments, the rheological modifieradditive 670 and interfacial modifier additive 680 are both disposed inthe lubricious liquid 660 and the mixture is disposed on the substrate610, such that the rheological modifier additive 670 remainssubstantially homogenously distributed throughout the lubricous liquid660 while the interfacial modifier additive 680 migrates to theinterface 685 between the rheologically modified lubricious layer 660and the contact liquid 690, forming a substantially immisciblecontacting phase. In some embodiments, the rheological modifier additive670 is disposed in the lubricious liquid 660 and the mixture is disposedon the substrate 610, such that the rheological modifier additive #remains substantially homogenously distributed throughout the lubricousliquid 660 and then the interfacial modifier additive 680 is disposed onthe surface of the rheologically modified lubricious layer 660. In someembodiments, the pathways chosen for disposition of the rheologicalmodifier additive 670 and interfacial modifier additive 680 to thelubricious liquid 660 and the interface 685 between the rheologicallymodified lubricious liquid 660 layer and the contacting liquid 690,respectively, do not affect the enhancement of durability and lubricityfor the lubricous surface 620.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a DLS 720,comprising a substrate 710, a plurality of solid features 740 coupled tothe substrate 710, a lubricious liquid 760 disposed on the plurality ofsolid features 740, a contact liquid 790 (i.e., product), and aninterfacial modifier additive 780 at least partially disposed in thelubricous liquid 760. The interfacial modifier additive 780 can besubstantially similar to the interfacial modifier additive 580 describedabove with respect to FIG. 5 and thus is not described in further detailherein. The solid features 740 and the lubricious liquid 760collectively form a liquid impregnated surface that is “enhanced” by thepresence of the interfacial modifier additive 780 as described herein.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a DLS 820,comprising a substrate 810, a plurality of solid features 840 disposedon the substrate 810, a lubricious liquid 860 disposed on the pluralityof solid features 840, a contact liquid 890 (i.e., product), and aninterfacial modifier additive 880 at least partially disposed in thelubricous liquid 860. The interfacial modifier additive 880 can besubstantially similar to the interfacial modifier additive 580 describedabove with respect to FIG. 5 and thus is not described in further detailherein. The solid features 840 and the lubricious liquid 860collectively form a liquid impregnated surface that is “enhanced” by thepresence of the interfacial modifier additive 880 as described herein.Unlike the DLS 720 described above with respect to FIG. 7 where theplurality of solid features 740 are physically coupled to the substrate710, the plurality of solid features 840 are “mobile” with respect tothe substrate 810.

FIG. 9 is a schematic illustration of a cross-section of a DLS 920,including a substrate 910, a plurality of solid features 940 coupled tothe substrate 910, a lubricious liquid 960 disposed on the plurality ofsolid features 940, a contact liquid 990 (i.e., product), and aninterfacial modifier additive 980 at least partially disposed in thelubricous liquid 960. The interfacial modifier additive 980 can besubstantially similar to the interfacial modifier additive 580 describedabove with respect to FIG. 5 and thus is not described in further detailherein. The solid features 940 and the lubricious liquid 960collectively form a liquid impregnated surface that is “enhanced” by thepresence of the interfacial modifier additive 980 as described herein.In some embodiments, the lubricious liquid 960 does not completely fillthe interstitial regions either by design, due to depletion, or due tomovement, loss or degradation of solid features. In some embodiments,the incomplete impregnation of interstitial regions forms aliquid-impregnated surface for which the interfacial modifier additive980 can provide protection against impingement which can reduce the needfor replenishment of the lubricious liquid 960. In some embodiments, theinterfacial modifier additive 980 can reduce the decline in lubricitydue to increased contact between solid features and contact liquid 990and due to the lubricious liquid 960 loss. In some embodiments, theinterfacial modifier additive 980 can reduce the contamination ofcontact liquid 990 (i.e., product) with the lubricious liquid 960 inembodiments for which such mixing is undesirable.

FIGS. 10A and 10B are schematic illustrations of a durable lubricioussurface 1000 including a substrate 1010, a lubricious surface coating1020 including a plurality of particles 1040, a rheological modifier1070, and an interfacial modifier 1080 in a liquid 1060. The lubricioussurface coating 1020 is configured to be disposed adjacent to a contactliquid 1090 (i.e., product, contact phase, or contacting liquid). Insome embodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 can be different fromthe rheological modifier 1070 and the interfacial modifier 1080. Thedurable lubricious surface 1000 has a first configuration (e.g., asshown in FIG. 10A) in which the interfacial modifier 1080 is included inthe liquid 1060 and a second configuration (e.g., as shown in FIG. 10B)in which at least a portion of the interfacial modifier 1080 hasmigrated into the contact liquid 1090.

In some embodiments, the substrate 1010 includes at least one of a flatsurface, a contoured surface, an inner surface, a bumpy surface, asmooth surface, a surface textured with regular periodic patters, asurface textured with random shapes and contours, or combinationsthereof. In some embodiments, the substrate is a surface of at least oneof a tube, a bottle, a vial, a flask, a mold, a jar, a tub, a cup, acap, a glass, a pitcher, a barrel, a bin, a tote, a tank, a keg, a tub,a syringe, a tin, a pouch, a lined box, a hose, a cylinder, a can, ahose, a pipe, a conduit, a nozzle, a syringe needle, a dispensing tip, alid, a pump, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 and the interfacial modifier 1080can be configured such that the liquid 1060 repels the interfacialmodifier 1080. In some embodiments, the contact liquid 1090 can beconfigured to attract the interfacial modifier 1080. In someembodiments, the liquid 1060 can be immiscible with the contact liquid1090. In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 remains liquid during use ofthe article 1000. In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 remains liquidduring more than one month of use of the durable lubricious surface1000, more than about six months, more than about one year, more thanabout three years, more than about five years, more than about tenyears, or greater.

In some embodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 have an averagedimension between about 100 nm and about 100 μm, about 500 nm and about95 μm, about 1 μm and about 90 μm, about 2 μm and about 85 μm, about 3μm and about 80 μm, about 4 μm and about 75 μm, about 5 μm and about 70μm, about 6 μm and about 65 μm, about 7 μm and about 60 μm, about 8 μmand about 55 μm, about 9 μm and about 50 μm, about 10 μm and about 45μm, about 5 μm and about 40 μm, about 10 μm and about 50 μm, about 20 μmand about 50 μm, about 25 μm and about 50 μm, about 30 μm and about 50μm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In someembodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 have an average dimensiongreater than about 50 nm, greater than about 100 nm, greater than about250 nm, greater than about 500 nm, greater than about 750 nm, greaterthan about 1 μm, greater than about 2 μm, greater than about 3 μm,greater than about 4 μm, greater than about 5 μm, greater than about 6μm, greater than about 7 μm, greater than about 8 μm, greater than about9 μm, greater than about 10 μm, greater than about 11 μm, greater thanabout 12 μm, greater than about 13 μm, greater than about 14 μm, greaterthan about 15 μm, greater than about 16 μm, greater than about 17 μm,greater than about 18 μm, greater than about 19 μm, greater than about20 μm, greater than about 25 μm, greater than about 30 μm, greater thanabout 35 μm, greater than about 40 μm, greater than about 45 μm, greaterthan about 50 μm, greater than about 55 μm, greater than about 60 μm,greater than about 65 μm, greater than about 70 μm, greater than about75 μm, greater than about 80 μm, greater than about 85 μm, greater thanabout 90 μm, greater than about 95 μm, or greater than about 100 μm,inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 disposed on the substrate 1010 hasan average thickness, and the average dimension of the plurality ofparticles 1040 is greater than or equal to the average thickness of theliquid 1060. In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 disposed on thesubstrate 1010 has an average thickness that is greater than or equal tothe average dimension of the plurality of particles 1040. In someembodiments, the average dimension of the plurality of particles 1040 isless than about 3 times the average thickness of the liquid 1060 on thesubstrate 1010, less than about 2.5 times, less than about 2 times, lessthan about 1.9 times, less than about 1.8 times, less than about 1.7times, less than about 1.6 times, less than about 1.5 times, less thanabout 1.4 times, less than about 1.3 times, less than about 1.2 times,less than about 1.1 times, or equal to the thickness of the liquid 1060on the substrate 1010.

In some embodiments, the average thickness of the liquid 1060 disposedon the substrate 1010 is between about 100 nm and about 100 μm, about500 nm and about 95 μm, about 1 μm and about 90 μm, about 2 μm and about85 μm, about 3 μm and about 80 μm, about 4 μm and about 75 μm, about 5μm and about 70 μm, about 6 μm and about 65 μm, about 7 μm and about 60μm, about 8 μm and about 55 μm, about 9 μm and about 50 μm, about 10 μmand about 45 μm, about 10 μm and about 40 μm, about 20 μm and about 50μm, about 25 μm and about 50 μm, about 30 μm and about 50 μm, inclusiveof all values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the averagethickness of the liquid 1060 disposed on the substrate 1010 is greaterthan about 50 nm, greater than about 100 nm, greater than about 250 nm,greater than about 500 nm, greater than about 750 nm, greater than about1 μm, greater than about 2 μm, greater than about 3 μm, greater thanabout 4 μm, greater than about 5 μm, greater than about 6 μm, greaterthan about 7 μm, greater than about 8 μm, greater than about 9 μm,greater than about 10 μm, greater than about 11 μm, greater than about12 μm, greater than about 13 μm, greater than about 14 μm, greater thanabout 15 μm, greater than about 16 μm, greater than about 17 μm, greaterthan about 18 μm, greater than about 19 μm, greater than about 20 μm,greater than about 25 μm, greater than about 30 μm, greater than about35 μm, greater than about 40 μm, greater than about 45 μm, greater thanabout 50 μm, greater than about 55 μm, greater than about 60 μm, greaterthan about 65 μm, greater than about 70 μm, greater than about 75 μm,greater than about 80 μm, greater than about 85 μm, greater than about90 μm, greater than about 95 μm, or greater than about 100 μm, inclusiveof all values and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the liquid 1060 includes at least one of a siliconeoil, a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a fluorinated perfluoropolyether, ahydrocarbon liquid, a vegetable oil, a vegetable oil derivative, atriglyceride, a fatty acid, an ester, an ethyl oleate, an FDA approvalliquid food additive, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the contact liquid 1090 (also known as “thecontacting phase”, “the contact liquid”, and/or “the product”) caninclude any suitable fluid, including but not limited to yield stressfluids, non-Newtonian fluids, Bingham plastics, and thixotropic fluids.In some embodiments, the contact liquid 1090 can include at least one oftoothpaste, mouth wash, a mouth cream, a denture fixing compound, sunscreen, an antiperspirant, an anti-bacterial cleanser, a lotion,shampoo, conditioner, a moisturizer, face wash, hair -gel, a medicalfluid, an anti-bacterial ointment, an anti-bacterial cream, laundrydetergent, paint, caulk, a sealant, an adhesive, an agrochemical, anoil, a glue, a wax, a petroleum product, a fabric softener, anindustrial solution, ketchup, catsup, mustard, mayonnaise, syrup, honey,jelly, peanut butter, butter, chocolate syrup, shortening, margarine,oleo, grease, dip, yogurt, sour cream, cosmetics, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 can include atleast one of insoluble fibers, purified wood cellulose,micro-crystalline cellulose, oat bran fiber, wax, carnauba wax, Japanwax, beeswax, candelilla wax, fructo-oligosaccharides, a metal oxide,montan wax, lignite and peat, ozokerite, ceresins, bitumens,petrolatuns, paraffins, microcrystalline wax, lanolin, an ester of metalor alkali, flour of coconut, almond, potato, wheat, pulp, zein, dextrin,cellulose ether, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC),hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC),ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, silica, aclay mineral, bentonite, palygorskitc, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite,graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate,sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar,gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey,polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polysulphone,polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene(TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA),perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (MFA),ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE),polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyethyleneglycol (PEG), tecnoflon cellulose acetate, poly(acrylicacid), poly(propylene oxide), D-sorbitol, polycarbonate, a styrenicblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene),polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,styrene-isoprene-styrene, a poly-olefin based thermoplastic elastomer,an ethylene-propylene random copolymer (EPM), a hydrogenatedpolybutadiene-isoprene-butadiene block copolymer, a polyamide basedthermoplastic elastomer, polyesteramide (PEA), polyetheresteramide(PEEA), polycarbonate esteramide (PCEA), polyether-block-amide (PE-b-A),a polyacrylate based thermoplastic elastomer, poly(MMA-b-tBA-MMA),poly(MMA-b-alkyl acrylate-MMA), a mineral oil, a paraffin oil, a C13-C14isoparaffin, a C16-C18 isoparaffin, a diglyceride ester, atriglycyceride ester, a tri alkyl ester of citric acid, a glyceroldiester, a glycerol triester, an ester of myristate, an adipate, asebacate, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can include at leastone of insoluble fibers, purified wood cellulose, micro-crystallinecellulose, oat bran fiber, wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, beeswax,candelilla wax, fructo-oligosaccharides, a metal oxide, montan wax,lignite and peat, ozokerite, ceresins, bitumens, petrolatuns, paraffins,microcrystalline wax, lanolin, an ester of metal or alkali, flour ofcoconut, almond, potato, wheat, pulp, zein, dextrin, cellulose ether,hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, silica, a claymineral, bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite,graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate,sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar,gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey,polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polysulphone,polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene(TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA),perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (MFA),ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE),polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyethyleneglycol (PEG), tecnoflon cellulose acetate, poly(acrylicacid), poly(propylene oxide), D-sorbitol, polycarbonate, a styrenicblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene),polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,styrene-isoprene-styrene, a poly-olefin based thermoplastic elastomer,an ethylene-propylene random copolymer (EPM), a hydrogenatedpolybutadiene-isoprene-butadiene block copolymer, a polyamide basedthermoplastic elastomer, polyesteramide (PEA), polyetheresteramide(PEEA), polycarbonate esteramide (PCEA), polyether-block-amide (PE-b-A),a polyacrylate based thermoplastic elastomer, poly(MMA-b-tBA-MMA),poly(MMA-b-alkyl acrylate-MMA), a mineral oil, a paraffin oil, a C13-C14isoparaffin, a C16-C18 isoparaffin, a diglyceride ester, atriglycyceride ester, a tri alkyl ester of citric acid, a glyceroldiester, a glycerol triester, an ester of myristate, an adipate, asebacate, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 can be hydrophobicwhile the interfacial modifier 1080 can be hydrophilic. In someembodiments, the plurality of particles 1040 can be hydrophilic whilethe interfacial modifier 1080 can be hydrophobic. In some embodiments,the plurality of particles 1040 can be oleophilic while the interfacialmodifier 1080 can be oleophobic. In some embodiments, the plurality ofparticles 1040 can be oleophobic while the interfacial modifier 1080 canbe oleophilic.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can have an initialaverage dimension in the first configuration and a different averagedimension in the second configuration. In some embodiments, theinterfacial modifier 1080 can be in the form of particles in the liquid1060 in the first configuration. In some embodiments, the particles ofinterfacial modifier 1080 can have an average dimension of between about500 nm and about 500 μm, about 750 nm and about 250 μm, about 1 μm andabout 100 μm, about 2 μm and about 95 μm, about 3 μm and about 90 μm,about 4 μm and about 85 μm, about 5 μm and about 80 μm, about 6 μm andabout 75 μm, about 7 μm and about 70 μm, about 8 μm and about 65 μm,about 9 μm and about 60 μm, about 10 μm and about 55 μm, about 10 μm andabout 50 μm, about 15 μm and about 90 μm, about 20 μm and about 85 μm,about 25 μm and about 80 μm, about 30 μm and about 80 μm, about 30 μmand about 100 μm, about 10 and about 70 μm, or about 10 μm and about 30μm, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In someembodiments, the particles of interfacial modifier 1080 can have anaverage dimension greater than about 500 nm, greater than about 750 nm,greater than about 1,000 nm, greater than about 1 μm, greater than about2 μm, greater than about 3 μm, greater than about 4 μm, greater thanabout 5 μm, greater than about 6 μm, greater than about 7 μm, greaterthan about 8 μm, greater than about 9 μm, greater than about 10 μm,greater than about 11 μm, greater than about 12 μm, greater than about13 μm, greater than about 14 μm, greater than about 15 μm, greater thanabout 20 μm, greater than about 25 μm, greater than about 30 μm, greaterthan about 35 μm, greater than about 40 μm, greater than about 45 μm,greater than about 50 μm, greater than about 55 μm, greater than about60 μm, greater than about 65 μm, greater than about 70 μm, greater thanabout 75, greater than about 80 μm, greater than about 85 μm, greaterthan about 90 μm, greater than about 95 μm, greater than about 100 μm,or greater than about 250 μm, inclusive of all values and rangestherebetween.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can be in the liquid1060 in the first configuration and in the contact liquid 1090 in thesecond configuration. In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080can be configured such that at least a portion of the interfacialmodifier 1080 migrates from the liquid 1060 into the contact liquid 1090when the lubricous surface coating 1020 is applied to the substrate1010. In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can beconfigured such that substantially all of the interfacial modifier 1080migrates from the liquid 1060 into the contact liquid 1090 when at leasta portion of the lubricous surface coating 1020 is in contact with thecontact liquid 1090. In some embodiments, greater than about 10 wt % ofthe interfacial modifier 1080 migrates into the contact liquid 1090,greater than about 15 wt %, greater than about 20 wt %, greater thanabout 25 wt %, greater than about 30 wt %, greater than about 35 wt %,greater than about 40 wt %, greater than about 45 wt %, greater thanabout 50 wt %, greater than about 55 wt %, greater than about 60 wt %,greater than about 65 wt %, greater than about 70 wt %, greater thanabout 75 wt %, or greater than about 80 wt %, inclusive of all valuesand ranges therebetween. In some embodiments, the migration of at leasta portion of the interfacial modifier 1080 into the contact liquid 1090can cause greater than about 1 t % reduction in the concentration of theinterfacial modifier 1080 in the liquid 1060 after a time period,greater than about 2%, greater than about 3%, greater than about 4%,greater than about 5%, greater than about 10%, greater than about 15%,greater than about 20%, greater than about 25%, greater than about 30%,greater than about 35%, greater than about 40%, greater than about 45%,greater than about 50%, greater than about 55%, greater than about 60%,greater than about 65%, greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%,greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%,greater than about 95%, or greater than about 99%, inclusive of allvalues and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 is configured tomigrate from the liquid 1060 to the contact liquid 1090 within about 1minute after application of the lubricious surface coating 1020 to thesubstrate 1010, within about 2 minutes, within about 3 minutes, withinabout 4 minutes, within about 5 minutes, within about 6 minutes, withinabout 7 minutes, within about 8 minutes, within about 9 minutes, withinabout 10 minutes, within about 11 minutes, within about 12 minutes,within about 13 minutes, within about 14 minutes, within about 15minutes, within about 20 minutes, within about 25 minutes, within about30 minutes, within about 35 minutes, within about 40 minutes, withinabout 45 minutes, within about 50 minutes, within about 55 minutes,within about 60 minutes, within about 65 minutes, within about 70minutes, within about 75 minutes, within about 80 minutes, within about85 minutes, within about 90 minutes, within about 95 minutes, withinabout 100 minutes, within about 110 minutes, within about 120 minutes,within about 130 minutes, within about 140 minutes, within about 150minutes, within about 160 minutes, within about 170 minutes, withinabout 180 minutes, within about 190 minutes, within about 200 minutes,within about 250 minutes, or within about 500 minutes, inclusive of allvalues and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can include amaterial that enables crosslinking with the contact liquid 1090 byhydrogen bonding, physical crosslinking, other mechanisms, orcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the interfacial modifier 1080 can include anymaterial described herein, for example at least one of a polysaccharide,a thermoplastic elastomer, a cross-linking polyacrylic acid, a waxysolid, or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the interfacialmodifier can include at least one of xanthan gum, guar gum, cellulosegum, chitin, styrene ethylene butylene styrene, polyethylene,polypropylene, sodium polyacrylate, polycarbophil, a carbomer, Lubrizolcarbomer, calcium polyacrylate, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, beeswax, asilicone wax, a hydrocarbon wax, a perfluoropolyether grease, andcombinations thereof.

The partition coefficient describes the rate and extent of separation oftwo liquids initially in solution that are not completely miscibleeither with the other. In some embodiments, the partition coefficient ofthe interfacial modifier 1080 with the liquid 1060 is less than about 1,0.95, 0.90, 0.85, 0.80, 0.75, 0.70, 0.65, 0.60, 0.55, 0.50, 0.45, 0.40,0.35, 0.30, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, 0.10, 0.05, 0.01, or 0.001, inclusive ofall values and ranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, at least some of the interfacial modifier 1080migrates into the contact liquid 1090 to form an interfacial region1095. In some embodiments, the interfacial region 1095 can have athickness at the surface of the contact liquid 1090 that is greater thanabout 1 nm, 5 nm, 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 75 nm, 100 nm, 200 nm, 300 nm,400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1,000 nm, 2 μm, 5 μm, 10μm, 15 μm, 20 μm, 25 μm, 30 μm, 35 μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, 50 μm, 55 μm, 60μm, 65 μm, 70 μm, or greater. In some embodiments, the interfacialregion 1095 can make up greater than about 1% of the thickness of thebulk product (e.g., contact liquid 1090) greater than about 2%, 3%, 4%,5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50% or greater.

In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can be a plurality ofparticles added to the liquid 1060. In some embodiments, the rheologicalmodifier 1070 can be a fluid material added to the liquid 1060. In someembodiments, the liquid 1060 can be selected from among materials thatinherently have one or more desired rheological properties such that norheological modifier 1070 is necessary. In some embodiments, therheological modifier 1070 can be added to increase shear strength of theliquid 1060. In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can beadded to increase the viscosity of the liquid 1060. In some embodiments,the rheological modifier 1070 can be added to increase the rate ofretention of the liquid 1060 on the substrate 1010. In some embodiments,the rheological modifier 1070 can be added to

In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can be in the form ofparticles having an average dimension of between about 1 nm and about 50μm, between about 10 nm and about 45 μm, between about 25 nm and about40 μm, between about 50 nm and about 35 μm, between about 100 nm andabout 30 μm, between about 500 nm and about 29 μm, between about 750 nmand about 28 μm, between about 1 μm and about 27 μm, between about 2 μmand about 26 μm, between about 3 μm and about 25 μm, between about 4 μmand about 24 μm, between about 20 nm and about 30 μm, between about 20nm and about 25 μm, between about 20 nm and about 20 μm, between about20 nm and about 15 μm, between about 20 nm and about 10 μm, betweenabout 20 nm and about 5 μm, between about 10 nm and about 4 μm, betweenabout 10 nm and about 3 μm, between about 10 nm and about 2 μm, betweenabout 10 nm and about 1 μm, between about 50 nm and about 10 μm, betweenabout 50 nm and about 9 μm, between about 50 nm and about 8 μm, betweenabout 50 nm and about 7 μm, between about 50 nm and about 6 μm, betweenabout 50 nm and about 5 μm, between about 50 nm and about 4 μm, betweenabout 50 nm and about 3 μm, between about 50 nm and about 2 μm, orbetween about 50 nm and about 1 μm, inclusive of all values and rangestherebetween. In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can bein the form of particles having an average dimension of less than about50 μm, 45 μm, 40 μm, 35 μm, 30 μm, 29 μm, 28 μm, 27 μm, 26 μm, 25 μm, 24μm, 23 μm, 22 μm, 21 μm, 20 μm, 19 μm, 18 μm, 17 μm, 16 μm, 15 μm, 14μm, 13 μm, 12 μm, 11 μm, 10 μm, 9 μm, 8 μm, 7 μm, 6 μm, 5 μm, 4 μm, 3μm, 2 μm, 1 μm, 750 nm, 500 nm, 250 nm, or 100 nm, inclusive of allvalues and ranges therebetween. In sonic embodiments, the rheologicalmodifier 1070 can be in the form of particles having an averagedimension of greater than about 10 nm, 25 nm, 50 nm, 75 nm, 100 nm, 250nm, 500 nm, 750 nm, 1 μm, 2 μm, 3 μm, 4 μm, 5 μm, 6 μm, 7 μm, 8 μm, 9μm, 10 μm, 11 μm, 12 μm, 13 μm, 14 μm, 15 μm, 16 μm, 17 μm, 18 μm, 19μm, 20 μm, 21 μm, 22 μm, 23 μm, 24 μm, 25 μm, 26 μm, 27 μm, 28 μm, 29μm, 30 μm, 31 μm, 32 μm, 33 μm, 34 μm, 35 μm, 36 μm, 37 μm, 38 μm, 39μm, 40 μm, 45 μm, or 50 μm, inclusive of all values and rangestherebetween.

In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can be about 0.1 wt %to about 25 wt % of the durable lubricious surface 1000, about 0.5 wt %,to about 20 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 15 wt %, about 1 wt % to about10 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 9 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 8 wt %,about 1 wt % to about 7 wt %, about 1 wt % to about 6 wt %, about 1 wt %to about 5 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about 4 wt %, about 0.5 wt % to about3 wt %, about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt %, or about 0.1 wt % to about 1 wt%, inclusive of all values and ranges therebetween. In some embodiments,the rheological modifier 1070 can be less than about 25 wt %, less thanabout 20 wt %, less than about 15 wt %, less than about 10 wt %, lessthan about 9 wt %, less than about 8 wt %, less than about 7 wt %, lessthan about 6 wt %, less than about 5 wt %, less than about 4 wt %, lessthan about 3 wt %, less than about 2 wt %, less than about I wt %, lessthan about 0.75 wt %, less than about 0.50 wt %, less than about 0.25 wt%, less than about 0.10 wt %, or less, inclusive of all values andranges therebetween.

In some embodiments, the rheological modifier 1070 can include at leastone of insoluble fibers, purified wood cellulose, micro-crystallinecellulose, oat bran fiber, wax, carnauba wax, Japan wax, beeswax,candelilla wax, fructo-oligosaccharides, a metal oxide, montan wax,lignite and peat, ozokerite, ceresins, bitumens, petrolatuns, paraffins,microcrystalline wax, lanolin, an ester of metal or alkali, flour ofcoconut, almond, potato, wheat, pulp, zein, dextrin, cellulose ether,hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ethylhydroxyethyl cellulose, ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, silica, fumedsilica, hydrophobic silica, hydrophilic silica, a clay mineral,bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite, graphite,molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate, sodiumolcatc, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar,gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey,polystyrene, nylon, polypropylene, wax, polyethylene terephthalate,polypropylene, polyethylene, polyurethane, polysulphone,polyethersulfone, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), tetrafluoroethylene(TFE), fluorinated ethylenepropylene copolymer (FEP), polyvinylidenefluoride (PVDF), perfluoroalkoxytetrafluoroethylene copolymer (PFA),perfluoromethyl vinylether copolymer (WA),ethylenechlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE),ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymer (ETFE), perfluoropolyether(PFPE),polychlorotetrafluoroethylene (PCTFE), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA),polyethyleneglycol (PEG), tecnoflon cellulose acetate, poly(acrylicacid), poly(propylene oxide), D-sorbitol, polycarbonate, a styrenicblock copolymer, polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene),polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene/butylene)-b-polystyrene,polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene-ethylene/propylene)-b-polystyrene,styrene-isoprene-styrene, a poly-olefin based thermoplastic elastomer,an ethylene-propylene random copolymer (EPM), a hydrogenatedpolybutadiene-isoprene-butadiene block copolymer, a polyamide basedthermoplastic elastomer, polyesteramide (PEA), polyetheresteramide(PEEA), polycarbonate esteramide (PCEA), polyether-block-amide (PE-b-A),a polyacrylate based thermoplastic elastomer, poly(MMA-b-tBA-MMA),poly(MMA-b-alkyl acrylate-MMA), a mineral oil, a paraffin oil, a C13-C14isoparaffin, a C16-C18 isoparaffin, a diglyceride ester, atriglycyceride ester, a tri alkyl ester of citric acid, a glyceroldiester, a glycerol triester, an ester of myristate, an adipate, asebacate, and combinations thereof.

A method of forming the durable lubricious surface 1000 can includedisposing a composition (e.g., the lubricious surface coating) on thesubstrate 1010 to form the durable lubricious surface 1000. In someembodiments, the composition can including a liquid, a first pluralityof particles, and a second plurality of particles. The composition caninclude any composition of the lubricious surface coating 1020 or anyother composition described herein. By way of example only, thecomposition can include the liquid 1060, the plurality of particles1040, the interfacial modifier 1080, and/or the rheological modifier1070. In some embodiments, the various materials comprising thecomposition can be mixed together to form the composition and thecomposition can be applied to the substrate 1010. In some embodiments,one or more of the materials comprising the composition can be mixedtogether to form an intermediate material, the intermediate material canbe applied to the substrate 1010, and one or more of the remainingmaterials comprising the composition can be added to the intermediatematerial to form the composition. In some embodiments, each of thematerials comprising the composition can be disposed to the substrate1010 to collectively form the composition on the substrate. The methodfurther includes disposing a contacting phase on the lubricious surfaceand allowing at least a portion of the second plurality of particles tomigrate to the contacting phase. The contacting phase (i.e., contactliquid, contacting liquid, or product) can include any of the materialsas described herein. In some embodiments, the durable lubricious surface1000 can be formed by depositing the composition to the substrate 1010to form a composition-coated substrate, depositing the contacting phaseonto the composition-coated substrate to form the durable lubricioussurface 1000, and allowing at least a portion of the composition tomigrate into the contacting phase.

In some embodiments, the durable lubricious surface 1000 can have afirst lubricity in the first configuration and a second lubricity in thesecond configuration. In some embodiments, the first lubricity can beless than the second lubricity. In some embodiments, the first lubricitycan be less than about 99%, 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%,or 10% of the second lubricity.

While various embodiments have been described above, it should beunderstood that they have been presented by way of example only, and notlimitation. Where schematics and/or embodiments described above indicatecertain components arranged in certain orientations, positions, and/orconfigurations, the arrangement of components may be modified. Althoughvarious embodiments have been described as having particular featuresand/or combinations of components, other embodiments are possible havinga combination of any features and/or components from any of embodimentsas discussed above. For example, the rheological modifier additive 670can be included in any of the embodiments described herein to modify therheology of the lubricious liquids.

1-26. (canceled)
 27. An article, comprising: a substrate, a liquid disposed on the substrate; a plurality of hydrophobic particles disposed in the liquid; and a plurality of hydrophilic particles disposed in the liquid wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles are configured to migrate into the contacting phase.
 28. The article of claim 27, wherein the liquid is immiscible with a contacting phase.
 29. (canceled)
 30. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles are configured to increase the yield stress of the contacting phase.
 31. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles are configured to increase the viscosity of the contacting phase.
 32. The article of claim 27, wherein the liquid disposed on the substrate has an average thickness, and the average dimension of the plurality of hydrophobic particles is less than about 1.5 times the average thickness of the liquid.
 33. The article of claim 27, wherein the liquid disposed on the substrate has an average thickness, and the average dimension of the plurality of hydrophilic particles is greater than about the average thickness of the liquid.
 34. The article of claim 32, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 5 μm and about 80 μm.
 35. The article of claim 32, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 10 μm and about 50 μm.
 36. The article of claim 27, wherein the liquid remains liquid during use of the article.
 37. The article of claim 27, wherein the liquid includes at least one of a silicone oil, a fluorinated hydrocarbon, a fluorinated perfluoropolyether, a hydrocarbon liquid, a vegetable oil, a vegetable oil derivative, a triglyceride, a fatty acid, an ester, and an FDA-approved liquid food additive.
 38. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of hydrophobic particles have an average dimension between about 0.5 μm and about 40 μm.
 39. The article of claim 38, wherein the plurality of hydrophobic particles have an average dimension between about 5 μm and about 30 μm.
 40. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles have an average dimension greater than about 20 μm.
 41. The article of claim 40, wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles have an average dimension between about 30 μm and about 80 μm.
 42. (canceled)
 43. The article of claim 27, wherein the plurality of hydrophilic particles includes at least one of a polysaccharide, a thermoplastic elastomer, a cross-linked polyacrylic acid, a waxy solid, xanthan gum, guar gum, cellulose gum, chitin, styrene ethylene butylene styrene, sodium polyacrylate, polycarbophil, a carbomer, calcium polyacrylate, and combinations thereof.
 44. The article of claim 27, further comprising: a rheological modifier disposed in the liquid and configured to modify the rheology of the liquid.
 45. The article of claim 44, wherein the rheological modifier includes at least one of silica, hydrophilic silica, fumed silica, a clay mineral, bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite, graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar, gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey, and combinations thereof.
 46. The article of claim 27, wherein at least one of the plurality of hydrophobic particles and the plurality of hydrophilic particles is an interfacial modifier.
 47. The article of claim 46, wherein a partition coefficient of the interfacial modifier with the liquid is less than about
 1. 48-66. (canceled)
 67. An article, comprising: a substrate, a lubricious surface disposed on the substrate and configured to be placed in contact with a contacting phase, wherein the lubricious surface has a first configuration defining a first surface having a first lubricity prior to contacting the contacting phase, and a second configuration defining second surface having a second lubricity after contacting the contacting phase the second lubricity being greater than the first lubricity.
 68. The article of claim 67, wherein the lubricious surface includes a liquid, a first plurality of particles and a second plurality of particles disposed in the liquid, the liquid, the first plurality of particles and the second plurality of particles collectively defining the first surface in the first configuration.
 69. The article of claim 68, wherein the second plurality of particles are configured to migrate to the contacting phase.
 70. The article of claim 69, wherein the second plurality of particles are configured to increase the viscosity of the contacting phase.
 71. The article of claim 69, wherein the second plurality of particles are configured to increase the yield stress of the contacting phase.
 72. The article of claim 68, wherein the liquid has an average thickness on the substrate, and the average dimension of the first plurality of particles is less than about 1.5 times the average thickness of the liquid.
 73. The article of claim 68, wherein the liquid has an average thickness on the substrate, and the average dimension of the second plurality of particles is greater than about the average thickness of the liquid.
 74. The article of claim 73, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 5 μm and about 80 μm.
 75. The article of claim 73, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 10 μm and about 50 μm.
 76. The article of claim 68, wherein the first plurality of particles is hydrophobic.
 77. The article of claim 76, wherein the second plurality of particles is hydrophilic.
 78. The article of claim 68, wherein the second plurality of particles includes at least one of xanthan gum, guar gum, cellulose gum, chitin, styrene ethylene butylene styrene, sodium polyacrylate, polycarbophil, a carbomer, calcium polyacrylate, and combinations thereof.
 79. The article of claim 68, wherein the lubricious surface further comprises a third plural of particles disposed in the liquid, the third plurality of particles configured to modify the rheology of the liquid.
 80. The article of claim 79, wherein about 0.1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the third plurality of particles are disposed in the liquid.
 81. The article of claim 80, wherein about 1 wt % to about 20 wt % of the third plurality of particles are disposed in the liquid.
 82. The article of claim 79, wherein the third plurality of particles include at least one of silica, hydrophilic silica, fumed silica, a clay mineral, bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite, graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar, gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey, and combinations thereof.
 83. An article, comprising: a substrate, a lubricious surface disposed on the substrate and configured to be placed in contact with a contacting phase, wherein the lubricious surface has a first configuration prior to contacting the contacting phase, and a second configuration at a time period after contacting the contacting phase, wherein the lubricious surface including a liquid, a first plurality of particles, and a second plurality of an initial concentration in the first configuration, wherein the lubricious surface includes the liquid, the first plurality of particles, and the second plurality of particles in a concentration less than the initial concentration in the second configuration.
 84. The article of claim 83, wherein the lubricious surface has a first lubricity in the first configuration and a second lubricity in the second configuration, the second lubricity being greater than the first lubricity.
 85. The article of claim 83, wherein the second plurality of particles are configured to migrate to the contacting phase in the second configuration.
 86. The article of claim 85, wherein the second plurality of particles are configured to modify the rheology of the contacting phase.
 87. The article of claim 83, wherein the liquid has an average thickness on the substrate, and the average dimension of the first plurality of particles is less than the average thickness of the liquid.
 88. The article of claim 87, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 5 μm and about 80 μm.
 89. The article of claim 87, wherein the average thickness of the liquid is between about 10 μm and about 50 μm.
 90. The article of claim 83, wherein the first plurality of particles is hydrophobic.
 91. The article of claim 90, wherein the second plurality of particles is hydrophilic.
 92. The article of claim 83, wherein the second plurality of particles includes at least one of xanthan gum, guar gum, cellulose gum, chitin, styrene ethylene butylene styrene, sodium polyacrylate, polycarbophil, a carbomer, calcium polyacrylate, and combinations thereof.
 93. The article of claim 83, wherein the lubricious surface further comprises a third plural of particles disposed in the liquid, the third plurality of particles configured to modify the rheology of the liquid.
 94. The article of claim 93, wherein about 1 wt % to about 50 wt % of the third plurality of particles are disposed in the liquid.
 95. The article of claim 94, wherein the third plurality of particles include at least one of silica, hydrophilic silica, fumed silica, a clay mineral, bentonite, palygorskite, kaolinite, vermiculite, apatite, graphite, molybdenum disulfide, mica, boron nitride, sodium formate, sodium oleate, sodium palmitate, sodium sulfate, sodium alginate, agar, gelatin, pectin, gluten, starch alginate, carrageenan, whey, and combinations thereof. 96-151. (canceled)
 152. An article, comprising: a substrate, a liquid disposed on the substrate, the liquid being immiscible with a contacting phase; and an interfacial modifier at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and the contacting phase, the boundary region having properties that are different from the liquid and the contacting phase.
 153. The article of claim 152, further comprising: a plurality of solid features defining a plurality of regions therebetween and a liquid disposed in the plurality of regions, the plurality of solid features containing the liquid in the plurality of regions at equilibrium.
 154. The article of claim 153, further comprising: a mobile excess layer of the liquid disposed above the plurality of solid features.
 155. The article of claim 153, wherein the plurality of solid features are coupled to the substrate.
 156. The article of claim 153, wherein the plurality of solid features are formed in the substrate.
 157. The article of claim 152, wherein the liquid includes an additive that modifies the rheology of the liquid.
 158. The article of claim 157, wherein the additive comprises particles.
 159. The article of claim 152, wherein the boundary region has a higher yield stress than the contacting phase.
 160. The article of any of claim 152, wherein a partition coefficient of the interfacial modifier is less than about
 1. 161-165. (canceled)
 166. An article, comprising: a substrate having a first roll off angle, a liquid disposed on the substrate, the liquid being immiscible with a contacting phase; and an interfacial modifier at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and the contacting phase, the boundary region having a second roll off angle less than the first roll off angle.
 167. An article, comprising: a substrate, a plurality of solid features disposed on the substrate, the plurality of solid features defining interstitial regions between the plurality of solid features; a liquid disposed on the substrate and at least partially impregnating the interstitial regions; and an interfacial modifier at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and a contacting phase, the boundary region having properties that are different from the liquid and the contacting phase.
 168. The article of claim 166, wherein the liquid is immiscible with the contacting phase.
 169. An article, comprising: a substrate, a liquid disposed on the substrate, the liquid being immiscible with a contacting phase; an interfacial modifier at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and the contacting phase, the boundary region having properties that are different from the liquid and the contacting phase; and an additive disposed in the liquid to modify the rheology of the liquid.
 170. An article, comprising: a substrate, a liquid disposed on the substrate, the liquid being immiscible with a contacting phase; and an interfacial modifier at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and the contacting phase, the boundary region having a higher yield stress than the contacting phase.
 171. An article, comprising: a substrate, a liquid disposed on the substrate, the liquid being immiscible with a contacting phase; and an interfacial modifier having a partition coefficient less than about 1 at least partially disposed in the liquid, the interfacial modifier creating a boundary region between the liquid and the contacting phase, the boundary region having properties that are different from the liquid and the contacting phase. 